人文与社会学界往往批评经济学家只知道效率而不知人间的公平、公义、正义 (以下合称公义)。甚至有人认为二十世纪出现的罗斯福新政和福利社会,就是对经济学最严厉的批判。经济学家如何面对这方面的指责?新古典学派在这方面是毫无对抗余地,不是将这方面的议题交给了极具社会主义色彩的K. J. Arrow和 A. K. Sen,就是承认经济分析之外同时还有社会学、政治学、人类学的分析面向。
奥派并不把问题局限在经济分析,也面对公义问题。不同于新古典经济学派主张经济效率,奥派是以「交易机会的扩大」来评价不同的政治经济制度。 Kirzner (1989) 认为交易利得除了是评价制度的基本判准外,也回答了公义问题。如果我们把焦点放在企业所创造的交易利得,并以「企业家」称呼该企业的经营者,那些交易利得就是企业在企业家的经营下所创造的利润。Kirzner认为利润分配必须根据古典自由主义提倡的财产权植拓 (homestead) 法则来运作,否则企业家就失去创造交易机会的诱因。没错,利润分配之后是会累积;若分配不平均,则累积之后就形成财富分配不公的社会。但是,分配法则和利润创造是植拓法则的一体两面,丢掉分配条法则,也就等于丢掉利润的创造;没有利润创造行为,也就不会出现交易利得。因此,除了植拓法则之外的其他的分配法则,即使号称是最公义的John Ralws分配法则,由于无法有效诱使企业家进行创造,其要求的分配对象也终将面对一般社会主义下的困境:没有新的交易利得可供分配。
除了公义之外,哈耶克认为经济理论应该考虑到整个人类文明的发展问题。人类文明可以界定为:人类欲望的不断开发和满足欲望成本的不断降低。经济制度的判准便在于哪种经济制度能够允许人类拥有更高成就的文明,也就是更丰富的欲望和更低的实现成本。如果就市场机制和计划经济加以比较,明显地,市场机制所能开展的人类文明远非计划经济所能望背。
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A Framework for Learning Austrian Economics Theory
Chun-Sin Hwang Email: cs1101@seed.net.tw
Department of Economics, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
Abstract: Due to be lacking in support of sound textbook for freshmen, the development of Austrian School has been rather limited since its revival in 1970s. This paper presents a learning framework for those who hope to study Austrian theory of economics, covering from the basics to recent research topics, with the help from relevant websites.